Rising Maritime Tensions in the Indo-Pacific: Chinese Naval Drills

In February 2025, Chinese naval drills in the Tasman Sea—just outside Australia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)—sparked renewed debate over maritime security and regional stability. While the exercises were conducted in international waters and did not breach international law, they raised concerns about transparency, escalation risks, and Australia’s strategic response.

Legal Boundaries and UNCLOS

The drills were carried out roughly 340 nautical miles from the Australian coast, placing them outside the EEZ and within international waters. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), such activity is legally permissible. UNCLOS grants all states the right to conduct navigation, military exercises, and even lay submarine cables in international waters. However, the proximity of these drills to Australia’s coastline has heightened public and media scrutiny.

Strategic Significance of Naval Activity

Military drills in international waters are common practice for many navies, including Australia’s. Yet, China’s growing naval presence in the Indo-Pacific adds a layer of strategic complexity. These exercises are not just routine—they signal China’s intent to assert influence and test regional responses. For Australia, this raises questions about how to balance legal norms with national security concerns.

Diplomatic Tools and Regional Stability

The article highlights the potential for diplomatic mechanisms—such as a Code of Conduct—to manage future maritime interactions. Such frameworks could help reduce miscommunication, prevent escalation, and promote transparency between regional powers. ASEAN’s efforts in the South China Sea offer a precedent for how multilateral diplomacy can help manage maritime disputes.

Australia’s Response Options

Australia faces a strategic dilemma: how to respond to legally permissible but politically provocative actions. Strengthening naval readiness, enhancing surveillance, and deepening regional partnerships are all viable options. However, the article suggests that diplomacy should not be sidelined. Engaging China through dialogue and confidence-building measures could help mitigate risks without compromising sovereignty.

Looking Forward

As naval activity intensifies across the Indo-Pacific, Australia must prepare for more frequent and complex maritime interactions. The article calls for a proactive strategy that includes legal literacy, regional cooperation, and diplomatic innovation through a a Code of Conduct. By doing so, Australia can safeguard its interests while contributing to broader regional stability.